Aspectos bioéticos y legales del secreto profesional en odontología / Bioethical and legal aspects of the professional secret in dentistry

Deontology and bioethics regulate the professional actions of doctors and dentists from a human and moral point of view. The dentist collects private information from each of his patients during the interrogation or clinical examination, and it is the dentist's obligation to keep silent about everything he sees or hears during the dental practice about the private life of his patients. The disclosure of secrets without the full authorization of the patient could undoubtedly affect their person, honor and reputation. In addition, the dentist has another type of private information about patients, known as personal data, which must be handled with great care and discretion. Professional secrecy is an ethical obligation of every dentist and its omission may bring legal repercussions. The aim of this article is to analyze the concept of professional secrecy, its ethical, deontological and legal aspects in dental practice (AU)

La deontología y bioética norman el actuar profesional de los médicos y odontólogos desde el punto de vista humano y moral. El odontólogo recaba información privada de cada uno de sus pacientes durante el interrogatorio o la exploración clínica, y es obligación del odontólogo guardar silencio de todo aquello que ve o escucha durante la consulta sobre la vida privada de sus pacientes. La revelación de secretos sin la plena autorización del paciente, podría generar sin duda afectaciones a su persona, honorabilidad y reputación. Además, el odontólogo posee otro tipo de información privada sobre los pacientes, conocida como datos personales, mismos que debe manejar con mucha cautela y discre- ción. El secreto profesional es una obligación ética de todo odontólogo y su omisión puede traer consigo repercusiones legales. El objetivo de este artículo consiste en analizar el concepto de secreto profesional, sus aspectos deontológicos, bioéticos y legales en la práctica odontológica (AU)

Prevención cuaternaria desde la visión odontológica / Quaternary prevention from a dental point of view

Introducción: El personal de salud debe comprender que el paciente es la figura central en el proceso salud-enfermedad, por lo que, para pro- teger su salud y atender de manera eficaz la enfermedad, se debe partir desde los principios básicos de prevención. La frase «prevenir es mejor que curar¼ debe ser considerada una máxima en salud y una metodología para atender enfermedades desde factores de riesgo, hacer partícipe a los pacientes y a la población en general a llevar a cabo estilos de vida saludables, con actividades preventivas que incrementen su importancia en la atención médica. Conclusiones: La prevención cuaternaria es una forma nueva para llamar al viejo principio de la medicina «lo primero es no hacer daño¼, que da origen al principio bioético de la no male- ficencia, este concepto se refiere a todas aquellas valoraciones que se deben hacer ante cualquier tipo de intervención diagnóstica, terapéutica y preventiva. Esto tiene especial importancia en la población sana, en la cual la prevención será siempre la mejor herramienta, pero se debe siempre tener presente la prevención cuaternaria (AU)

Introduction: Health personnel should understand that the patient is the central figure in the health-disease process and that to protect their health and effectively treat the disease starting from the basic principle of prevention. The phrase «prevention is better than cure¼ from being considered a maxim in health and a methodology to address diseases from risk factors, involving patients and the general population to carry out healthy lifestyles, with preventive activities that increase its importance in medical care. Conclusions: Quaternary prevention is a new way to call the old principle of medicine «first do no harm¼, which gives rise to the bioethical principle of non-maleficence, this concept refers to all those assessments that should be made before any type of diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive intervention. This is especially important in the healthy population, in which prevention will always be the best tool, but quaternary prevention should always be kept in mind (AU)

Reconocimiento docente de los valores éticos y morales en la formación curricular de la carrera de odontología de la Universidad de Viña del Mar, Chile / Teaching recognition of ethical and moral values in the curriculum training of the dentistry career of the Universidad de Viña del Mar, Chile

El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar la coherencia entre lo declarado por los programas de estudios de pregrado en la carrera de Odontología de la Universidad de Viña del Mar, en relación a los valores éticos y morales y, cómo son reconocidos efectivamente por los docentes en los estudiantes. El diseño de investigación corresponde a un estudio descriptivo y transversal. Para esto se adaptaron dos instrumentos, el primero: "cuestionario sobre percepción en la categorización de valores" que busca determinar la importancia que le dan los docentes a los valores. Mientras que en el segundo: "Encuesta sobre valores en estudiantes de odontología" solicita que cada docente evalúe la frecuencia con que se manifiestan ciertos valores éticos y morales en sus estudiantes. Se consideraron los 28 académicos que constituyen la totalidad del universo de docentes clínicos de los cursos de 4to y 5to años de la carrera de odontología en el año 2019. Se discuten los resultados comparándolos con experiencias similares en otras instituciones. Los resultados muestran la percepción y el reconocimiento de los valores por parte del cuerpo docente en los estudiantes, donde se identificó que los valores incorporados de mejor manera son la dignidad, el trato humano y el dialogo; mientras que la autocrítica y el conocimiento fueron los menos incorporados, estos son clave para establecer reflexión y mejoras en los planes de estudio. Se marca el punto de inicio para la generación de futuras líneas de investigación que incorporen otros aspectos como la perspectiva de los pacientes, los estudiantes, así como también continuar recabando información para utilizar metodologías que puedan contribuir a la integración de valores y poner en debate la importancia de ellos en la formación de pregrado.

The aim of this article is to determine the coherence between what is declared by the undergraduate study programs in the Dentistry career at the University of Viña del Mar, in relation to ethical and moral values and how they are effectively recognized by teachers in the students. The research design corresponds to a descriptive and cross-sectional study. Two instruments were adapted for this, the first: "questionnaire on perception in the categorization of values" that seeks to determine the importance that teachers give to values. While in the second: "Survey on values in dentistry students" requests that each teacher evaluates the frequency of certain ethical and moral values which are manifested in their students. 28 academics constituting the entire universe of clinical teachers of the 4th and 5th year courses of dentistry career in 2019 were considered. The results were discussed, comparing them with similar experiences in other institutions. Results show the perception and recognition of the values by the teaching staff in the students. These values incorporated in the best way were dignity, humane treatment and dialogue; while self-criticism and knowledge were the least incorporated. These are key values to establish a reflection and subsequent improvements in the study plans. This article marks a starting point for the generation of future lines of research that incorporate other aspects such as the perspective of patients, students, as well as continuing to collect information to use methodologies that can contribute to the integration of values and put them into a debate about the importance of them in undergraduate training.

Assessing Moral Skills in General and Post-Graduate Dental Students in the Southeast of Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Objective: To assess the level of moral skills in dental students and residents. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study was conducted on dental students and residents of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, selected by census sampling. Data collection tools included a demographic information checklist (age, gender, marital status, educational level (before basic sciences, after basic sciences, residency), and moral skills inventory questionnaire. The data were analyzed using a T-test and multiple regression analysis at a confidence level of 95%. Results: The total score of the moral skills questionnaire was about 44 out of 80, and there was no difference between males and females in moral skills (p=0.79). However, there was a significant difference in moral sensitivity between married and single students (p=0.036). Residents gained significantly higher moral integrity scores than students (p=0.046). Conclusion: The study highlights that the level of professional moral skills in Kerman dental students and residents was acceptable. Single students got higher scores in the moral sensitivity domain, although residents got the highest scores in the moral integrity domain. There was no significant correlation between gender and the level of moral skills (AU).

COVID-19: ¿cuál es el rol ético del odontólogo ante esta pandemia? / COVID-19: what is the ethical role of the dentist in face of this pandemic?

Introducción: Para un buen profesional de la odontología es necesaria la ética en todas las actividades que realice. La ética establece lo que es y debe ser, buscando siempre el bien y no hacer el mal o causar daño, y el odontólogo debe tener una serie de cualidades y aptitudes con el fin de llevar a cabo todo el tratamiento que amerite el paciente de manera correcta, honesta y responsable sin escatimar esfuerzos para devolverle su salud oral. La COVID-19 es una enfermedad que se ha convertido en pandemia y está afectando al mundo de manera importante. Entre los más afectados se encuentran los profesionales de la salud que arriesgan sus vidas por sanar al enfermo. Dada la situación actual, a los odontólogos se les presenta la duda si atender a sus pacientes en este periodo cumple o no con los principios éticos de la profesión. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente artículo fue realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura con el fin de identificar el rol bioético del odontólogo ante la pandemia de COVID-19. Material y métodos: Para realizar la recolección de la literatura se compilaron artículos de diferentes bases de datos: PubMed, Cochrane, Nature y Lilacs producidos entre los años 2012 y 2020 con las palabras clave: ética, odontología, pandemia, COVID-19 y bioética en los idiomas español, inglés y portugués. Resultados: Se localizaron 70 artículos, de los cuales se escogieron finalmente 10 correspondientes a los criterios de búsqueda. Los artículos presentaron homogeneidad sobre el rol del odontólogo en la situación actual y coinciden en la búsqueda de alternativas y métodos de atención lo más seguras posibles, dando prioridad a quienes requieren atención de urgencias (AU)

Introduction: For a good dental professional, ethics is necessary in all the activities performed. Ethics stablish what is and what should be, always looking for the good and not the bad, the dentist should have a series of qualities and skills in order to perform every treatment that the patient needs in a correct, honest and responsible way without sparing efforts to give them back their oral health. COVID-19 is a disease that has converted into a pandemic affecting the world in an important manner. And, between the most affected are the health providers and professionals that risk their lives to heal the people suffering this disease. Given the current situation, dentists have been found in doubt regarding if treating their patients in this period meets or not the ethical principles of their profession. Objective: The objective of this article is to perform a systematic review of literature in order to identify the bioethics role of the dentist in face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods: To carry out the collection of literature the procedure included compiling different articles from the databases: PubMed, Cochrane, Nature, and Lilacs produced between the years of 2012 and 2020 with the key words: ethics, dentistry, pandemic, COVID-19, bioethics in the languages of Spanish, English and Portuguese. Results: 70 papers were located from which only 10 were chosen meeting the searching criteria. The papers presented homogenous results about the role of dentists in the current situation and the all agree in the search of alternatives and methods of care that are as secure as possible, giving priority to those who are in need of urgent care (AU)

Decisão diante de conflitos bioéticos e formação em odontologia / Decision-making in the face of bioethical conflict and training in Dentistry / Decisión frente a conflictos bioéticos y formación en odontología

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é relacionar concepções sobre ética com a capacidade de tomada de decisão de estudantes no estágio inicial do curso de odontologia. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, dividida em duas etapas: na primeira, 62 participantes responderam a um formulário on-line com duas perguntas sobre concepções de ética; na segunda, 59 deliberaram sobre duas situações de saúde envolvendo conflitos bioéticos. As respostas passaram por análise textual discursiva, por meio da qual se verificou que a maioria dos estudantes compreende a ética como orientação individual nas condutas sociais e profissionais. Essa concepção restrita de ética aparece também nos exercícios de tomada de decisão. Conclui-se que o ensino de bioética deve contemplar o papel de contextos singulares na tomada de decisão, enfatizando o respeito à vida, e não apenas o tratamento de doenças. Tal ensino, inserido de maneira transversal na formação, valoriza o cuidado centrado nas pessoas.

Abstract This study aims to understand the relationship between conceptions of ethics and decision making in situations of bioethical conflict in practices of first-year dentistry students. Holistic case study with a qualitative approach was carried out, in two steps: in the first, 62 participants answered an online form with two questions about conceptions of ethics; in the second, 59 deliberated on two health situations with bioethical conflict. Discursive textual analysis was performed. Results show that students understand ethics as individual guidance in social and profession conduct. In training, students' restricted conceptions of ethics are amplified in the decision-making exercises in the face of bioethical conflicts. The role of singular contexts is an element for the decision-making in learning that includes respect for life and not just the treatment of disease. The topic of bioethics, thus transversalized in the formative process, values people-centered care.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es relacionar concepciones sobre ética con la capacidad de toma de decisiones de estudiantes en la etapa inicial del curso de odontología. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, dividida en dos etapas: en la primera, 62 participantes respondieron a un formulario en línea con dos preguntas sobre concepciones de ética; en la segunda, 59 participantes deliberaron sobre dos situaciones de salud que implican conflictos bioéticos. Las respuestas se sometieron a un análisis textual discursivo, por medio del cual se constató que la mayoría de los estudiantes comprende la ética como una orientación individual en las conductas sociales y profesionales. Esta concepción restringida de la ética aparece también en los ejercicios de toma de decisiones. Se concluye que la enseñanza de la bioética debe contemplar el papel de los contextos singulares en la toma de decisiones, haciendo hincapié en el respeto por la vida, y no solo en el tratamiento de enfermedades. Tal enseñanza, inserida de manera transversal en la formación, valoriza el cuidado centrado en las personas.

Construção de um inventário de problemas éticos na Atenção Primária para a saúde bucal / Constructing an inventory of ethical problems in primary health for oral health / Construcción de un inventario de problemas éticos en la atención primaria para la salud bucal

Considerando-se as especificidades dos problemas éticos em saúde bucal, esta pesquisa objetivou construir uma proposta de Inventário de Problemas Éticos na Atenção Primária à Saúde (IPE-APS) para a saúde bucal (SB), estudo metodológico desenvolvido por um comitê de juízes. Após levantamento prévio de 32 problemas éticos específicos, fez-se sua equivalência com quarenta itens do IPE-APS: de itens; de semântica e conteúdo; de avaliação dos itens não equivalentes; de avaliação dos problemas específicos não equivalentes. Apontaram-se 18 itens do IPE-APS equivalentes a 17 problemas específicos, confluindo para 16 itens finais. Dos 22 itens não equivalentes, 5 foram mantidos. Incluíram-se os 15 problemas éticos específicos não equivalentes. Evidenciou-se a complexidade do trabalho de equivalência de inventários de natureza ética. Chegou-se à proposta de um IPE-APS-SB de 36 itens. (AU)

Considering the specificities of ethical problems in oral health, the aim of this study was to develop a proposal for an Inventory of Ethical Problems in Primary Health Care (IPE-APS) for oral health (SB). A methodological study was developed by a committee of judges. Thirty-two previously identified specific ethical problems were matched to the 40 items of the IPE-APS: items; semantics and content; evaluation of unmatched items; evaluation of unmatched specific problems. Eighteen of the items of the IPE-APS were matched to 17 specific problems, converging into 16 final items. Five of the 22 unmatched items were maintained and 15 unmatched specific ethical problems were included. The findings reveal the complexity of matching ethical Inventories. We achieved the aim of proposing a 46-item IPE-APS for oral health. (AU)

Llevando en consideración las especificidades de los problemas éticos en salud bucal, esta investigación tuvo el objetivo de construir una propuesta de Inventario de Problemas Éticos en la Atención Primaria de la Salud (IPE-APS) para la salud bucal (SB). Estudio metodológico desarrollado por un comité de jueces. Después de un levantamiento de 32 problemas éticos específicos, se realizó su equivalencia con cuarenta ítems del IPE-APS: de ítems; semántica y de contenido; evaluación de los ítems no equivalentes; evaluación de los problemas específicos no equivalentes. Se señalaron 18 ítems del IPE-APS equivalentes a 17 problemas específicos, confluyendo para 16 ítems finales. De los 22 ítems no equivalentes, 5 se mantuvieron. Se incluyeron los 15 problemas éticos específicos no equivalentes. Se dejó en evidencia la complejidad del trabajo de equivalencia de inventarios de naturaleza ética. Se llegó a la propuesta de un IPE-APS-SB de 36 ítems. (AU)

Knowledge and Attitude About Research Ethics Among Iranian Dental Students

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the knowledge and attitude of the students of Kerman dental school (Iran) about ethics in dental research. Material and Methods: This cross-section study was conducted on 307 dental students selected through the census sampling method. Data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 12 items about knowledge and 17 items about attitude toward research ethics. Data analyzed in SPSS software using t-test and linear regression test. P-values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Of the respondents, 33.9% were male and 66.1% were female, and 44% had good knowledge and 20.8% had a positive attitude about research ethics. A significant correlation was found between knowledge and attitude. A significant correlation was also observed between knowledge and participation in research workshops. Knowledge and attitude showed no significant correlation with gender or year of admission. Conclusion: Participants had appropriate knowledge and attitude about research ethics. There is some room for improvement in research ethics education concerning experimental works and retrospective studies on biologic samples. Holding research workshops with an introduction to ethical codes of research is recommended.

O uso de whatsapp® na relação dentista-paciente: uma revisão de literatura / The use of whatsapp® in the dentist-patient relationship: a literature review

Introdução: as relações dentista-paciente, atualmente, também estão sendo mediadas pelas Tecnologias de Comunicação e Informação, como, por exemplo, pelo WhatsApp®. Objetivo: verificar o uso do aplicativo WhatsApp® nas relações dentista-paciente com a finalidade de discutir as questões éticas e legais. Material e Métodos: revisão de literatura dos artigos científicos publicados nas bases PubMed, Bireme e Scielo, utilizando como descritores em inglês "WhatsApp®" and "Dentistry" e em português "WhatsApp®" and "Odontologia". Resultados: o uso do WhatsApp® nas relações dentista-paciente foi para teleconsulta/diagnóstico, segunda opinião, educação e prevenção em saúde bucal, adesão ao tratamento e monitoramento de pacientes. Conclusão: o WhatsApp® se for utilizado de forma correta e competente, em consonância com os preceitos éticos inscritos no Código de Ética Odontológica sobre o valor eminente do sigilo das informações e do exercício digno da profissão, pode potencializar os benefícios e otimizar as relações estabelecidas entre cirurgião-dentista e paciente

Introduction: dentist-patient relations are currently also being mediated by Communication and Information Technologies, such as WhatsApp®. Purpose: to verify the use of the WhatsApp® application in the dentist-patient relations to discuss the ethical and legal issues. Material and Methods: literature review of scientific articles published in PubMed, Bireme and Scielo databases. The descriptors used were "WhatsApp®" and "Dentistry". Results: the use of WhatsApp® in the dentist-patient relations were for teleconsultation/diagnosis, second opinion, oral health education and prevention, treatment adherence and patient monitoring. Conclusion: the WhatsApp®, if used correctly and competently, according the ethical precepts contained in the Brazilian Code of Dental Ethics about the value of information confidentiality and the proper exercise of the profession, can enhance the benefits and optimize the relationships established between dentist and patient

La bioética desde la perspectiva odontológica / Bioethics from a dental perspective

La odontología, como una de las ciencias de la salud, incorpora los avances de la bioética en sus conocimientos y técnicas. Sin embargo, esta incorporación en el ejercicio profesional de los odontólogos se ha dado a partir de su propio campo de acción a diferencia de otros profesionales de la salud. La consecuencia de ello es que la visión y aplicación de los estomatólogos suele ser poco receptiva a las críticas y generada en ambientes muy controlados. La bioética implica el estudio sistemático y profundo de la conducta humana en el campo de las ciencias de la salud, misma que se basa en los valores y principios morales, es una disciplina importante para la formación del personal de salud para crear conciencia en la aplicación de los conocimientos. Nuestras profesiones tienen como fi nalidad comprender que cada individuo es único y no solamente nos dedicamos al desempeño clínico y del cuidado de la boca, sino a lograr una mejor calidad de vida en los pacientes (AU)

Odontology, as one of the health sciences, incorporates the advances of bioethics in this knowledge and techniques. However, this incorporation in the professional practice of dentist has been based on their own fi eld of action, unlike other health professionals. The consequence of this is that the vision and application of stomatologists is usually not very receptive to criticism and generated in very controlled enviroments. Bioethics involves the systematic and profund study if human behavior in the fi eld of health sciences which is based on moral values and principles is an important discipline for the training of health personnel to create awareness in the application of knowledge, our professions have the purpose of understanding that each individual is unique and not only dedicated to the clinical performance and care of the mouth but to achieve a better quality of life in patients (AU)

Panorama das denúncias e processos éticos odontológicos no estado de Santa Catarina / Overview of dental complaints and ethical proceedings in the State of Santa Catarina

O Código de Ética Odontológica pode ser entendido como um conjunto de normas de comportamento que se estabelecem no desenvolvimento do exercício profissional e regem a sua prática. Com isto, almeja-se evidenciar a natureza ética do trabalho e garantir valores importantes para a sociedade no contexto da prática profissional. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as denúncias e processos éticos no Conselho Regional de Odontologia de Santa Catarina (CRO-SC), relacionando-os às suas causas. A pesquisa, após a aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UFSC, apurou as denúncias e os processos éticos instaurados junto ao CRO-SC no período de janeiro de 2013 a dezembro de 2017, verificando sua evolução, identificando suas motivações e averiguando as respectivas situações processuais. Os resultados obtidos mostraram um aumento de 7,1% para 60,7% nas denúncias e de 6,2% para 58,4% nos processos éticos. A maior causa de denúncias foi devido à publicidade irregular (65%), originando 68% dos processos éticos com base nesta irregularidade; 39,2% das denúncias resultaram na abertura de processos éticos; 17% foram arquivadas; 21,3% dos processos éticos instaurados foram encerrados, por julgamento ou arquivamento, e 74,7% estão em tramitação. Cerca de 20,3% das denúncias foram classificadas como outras infrações; 4,8% como exercício ilegal da profissão, 2,4% como exercício irregular da profissão e 7,4% como provável erro técnico. Os resultados indicam a importância de uma mudança na visão do cirurgião-dentista em relação aos valores éticos e sociais na Odontologia a fim de conduzir seu trabalho sob uma perspectiva mais humanizada.

The Code of Dental Ethics can be understood as a set of behavioral norms that are established in the development of professional practice and govern its practice. With this, it aims to highlight the ethical nature of work and ensure important values for society in the context of professional practice. The purpose of this study was to verify the complaints and ethical processes in the Regional Dentistry of Santa Catarina (CRO-SC), relating them to their causes. The research, after approval by UFSC's Research Ethics Committee, found the complaints and the ethical processes established with the CRO-SC from January 2013 to December 2017, verifying their growing, identifying their motivations and ascertaining the respective procedural situations. The results obtained showed an increase from 7.1% to 60.7% in complaints and from 6.2% to 58.4% in ethical processes. The main cause of complaints was due to irregular advertising (65%), resulting in 68% ethical processes based on this irregularity; 39.2% of the complaints resulted in the opening of ethical processes; 17% were archived; 21.3% of the ethical proceedings initiated were closed by judgment or filing, and 74.7% are in progress. About 20.3% of the complaints were classified as other infringements; 4.8% as illegal exercise of profession, 2.4% as exercise irregular profession and 7.4% as a probable technical error. The results indicate the importance of a dentist's view of the ethical and social values in dentistry in order to conduct their work from a more humanized perspective.

Odontologia legal: avaliação dos currículos dos cursos de graduação das faculdades de Minas Gerais / Forensic dentistry: curriculum evaluation of the graduation courses from Minas Gerais Universities

Introdução: O ensino da disciplina de Odontologia Legal nos cursos de graduação em Odontologia é extremamente importante na formação acadêmica. Por isso, em 2014, a Associação Brasileira de Odontologia Legal (ABOL) criou diretrizes de apoio ao ensino da disciplina no Brasil, orientando as Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) a conduzir esta ciência nas grades curriculares. Objetivo: Esta pesquisa visou descrever como a disciplina de Odontologia Legal está sendo ofertada, nas IES do Estado de Minas Gerais, a fim de verificar se as diretrizes da ABOL estão sendo implementadas. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo de análise documental, realizado no ano de 2018. Para coleta de dados, acessaram-se os sites de todas IES de MG na busca dos documentos: projeto político pedagógico, matriz curricular e ementário. A partir desses documentos, identificaram-se quantas disciplinas da área de Odontologia Legal são ofertadas, o período de oferta das disciplinas, a carga horária, o momento do curso em que é ofertada e a nomenclatura das disciplinas. Resultados: No total, 33 (100%) IES ofertam disciplinas da área de Odontologia Legal em seu currículo. Dessas, apenas duas (6,2%) instituições ofertam disciplinas em momentos distintos, priorizando a disciplina de Ética antes das práticas clínicas e a disciplina de Odontologia Legal no final da graduação. Com relação à carga horária mínima, 11 (33,33%) instituições ofertam a disciplina com 60 horas. Conclusão: A maioria das IES de MG ainda não adequou seus currículos as diretrizes sugeridas pela ABOL.

Introduction: The teaching of Legal Dentistry is extremely important in academic training. That is why, in 2014, the Brazilian Association of Legal Dentistry (ABOL) created guidelines to support the instruction of this subject in Brazil, orienting the Higher Education Institutions (IES) to conduct this science in curricular grades. Objective: This research aimed to describe how the discipline of Legal Dentistry is being offered at the IES of the State of Minas Gerais, in order to verify if the ABOL guidelines are being implemented. Methodology: Descriptive study of documentary analysis, accomplished in the year of 2018. For the collection of data, all the MG's IES websites were accessed in the searching for the following documents: political pedagogical project, curriculum and the course syllabus. From these documents, it was identified how many subject in the Legal Dentistry area were offered and the name that they hold. Results: In total, 33 (100%) IES offer subjects in the Legal Dentistry area in their curriculum. Between those, only two (6,2%) institutions offer the subject in distinct moments, prioritizing Ethics as a subject before the clinical practices and Legal Dentistry at the end of the course. Concerning the minimum workload, 11 (33,33%) of the institutions offer 60 hours. Conclusion: Most of the MG's IES have not yet adjusted their curriculum to the ABOL's suggested guidelines.

Código de ética de la Asociación Dental Mexicana. Una revisión de nuestros principios: parte 1 / Code of ethics of the Mexican Dental Association. A review of our principles: part 1

Ética, moral y la deontología, se ocupan de un mismo objetivo: la valoración de lo bueno y de lo malo en la conducta humana. Sus enfoques del problema, no son totalmente iguales. La ética utiliza el análisis filosófico, ilumina el problema desde el ángulo axiológico, y a través de la especulación pura trata de establecer un deber ser de valor universal. La moral estudia las acciones humanas desde un punto de vista empírico, histórico, en la realidad de las diferentes culturas y teniendo en cuenta la diversidad de su idiosincrasia, trata de establecer juicios de valor adecuados a tales circunstancias. La deontología, fluctuando entre la ética y la moral y basándose en las conclusiones de ambas, se propone establecer las normas concretas que deben regir la conducta en situaciones determinadas, como puede ser el ejercicio de una profesión. La bioética establece los conceptos morales, éticos y racionales derivados en la interdisciplina de la ciencia y la biomedicina (AU)

Ethics, Moral and deontology, deal with the same objective: The assessment of good and evil in human behavior. Their approaches to the problem are not totally the same. Ethics uses philosophical analysis, illuminates the problem from the axiological angle, and through pure speculation tries to establish a duty of universal value. Morality studies human actions from an empirical, historical point of view, in the reality of different cultures and taking into account the diversity of their idiosyncrasy, tries to establish value judgments appropriate to such circumstances. Deontology, fluctuating between ethics and morals and based on the conclusions of both, it is proposed to establish the specific rules that should govern behavior in certain situations, such as the exercise of a profession. Bioethics establishes the moral, ethical and rational concepts derived in the interdiscipline of science and biomedicine (AU)

La investigación en ciencias de la salud: el rol de los comités de ética en odontología / Research in health sciences: the role of ethics committees in dentistry

Desde su nacimiento en los años setenta, la bioética ha entrado de forma definitiva en el mundo de las ciencias de la salud. Su papel es multifacético, pero es trascendental en cuanto a los pilares normativos y éticos necesarios en la investigación científica. La unión entre ambos mundos, el científico y el humanístico, fue necesaria para proponer una reflexión filosófica frente a los crecientes problemas que se venían suscitando con el devenir del interminable desarrollo tecnológico y que enfrentaban los profesionales sanitarios. La constitución de un comité de ética es un elemento cardinal en el contralor de las actividades de investigación, y un apoyo legal, ético y técnico ante los conflictos de orden moral que pudiese haber en la práctica odontológica (AU)

Since its beginnings in the sixties, bioethics has definitely been part of the health sciences world. Its role is multifaceted, but it is transcendental in terms of the normative and ethical statments necessary in scientific research. The marriage between the scientific and the humanistic worlds was necessary to provide a philosophical reflection to address the increasing problems that the endless advent of technological development was posing and health professionals were facing. The building of an ethics committee is a key feature for controlling research activities and for the legal ethical and technical support regarding moral conflicts that may occur in the practice of dentistry (AU)

Notificação compulsória: HIV/aids e o papel do cirurgião-dentista / Mandatory reporting: HIV/aids and the role of the dentist

Introdução: a partir dos anos 1980, a epidemia de HIV/aids tornou-se um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública mundial e, mesmo que a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos que vivem com esta condição tenha me-lhorado nos anos 1990, pelo uso da terapia antirretroviral, ainda ocorre uma alta taxa de infecção pelo vírus.Objetivo: informar sobre a notificação compulsória de indivíduos que vivem com HIV/aids, assim como a relevância de alertar os profissionais de saúde quanto à sua importância em tal função. Materiais e método:a busca de artigos foi realizada em três plataformas internacionais e nacionais de dados (PubMed, SciELO e Lilacs), usando descritores do DeSC e MeSH. Devido à quase ausência de artigos pertinentes ao assunto, também foram consultados sites, boletins epidemiológicos, cadernos e guias publicados pelo Ministério da Saúde, assim como leis e portarias de acesso on-line e o Código de Ética Odontológico. Resultados: seguindo critérios de exclusão, dez trabalhos foram selecionados para centralização e discussão do assunto abordado. É obrigatório que profissionais de saúde, no território nacional, comuniquem às autoridades sobre novas ocorrências de infecção pelo HIV/aids. É escassa a literatura atual sobre o assunto, principalmente envolven-do cirurgiões-dentistas.Conclusão: a notificação compulsória realizada por outros profissionais é diferente da preconizada, visto que casos são subnotificados e, muitas vezes, outros profissionais de saúde não se encontram preparados para tal execução ou até mesmo desconhecem a função que devem realizar. (AU)

Introduction: From the 1980s, the aids epidemic has become one of the greatest public health problems in the world. Even though the quality of life of individuals living with HIV/aids has improved in the 1990s through antiretroviral therapy, there is still a high rate of infection by the virus. Objective: This study aims to inform on the mandatory reporting of individuals living with HIV/aids and the relevance of alerting health professionals on the importance of such reporting. Materials and method: Studies were searched in three international (PubMed) and Brazilian (Scielo and Lilacs) databases using DeSC and MeSH descriptors. Due to the near absence of articles related to the subject, websites, epidemiological bulletins, notes, and guides published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health such as Laws and Ordinances with online access and the Code of Dental Ethics were also consulted. Results: Following the exclusion criteria, ten studies were selected for centralizing and discussing the subject matter. It is mandatory that health professionals in the national territory communicate the authorities about new occurrences of HIV/aids infection. The current literature on the subject is scarce, especially for dentists. Conclusion: The mandatory reporting performed by other professionals is different from the recommendation, considering that, often, cases are underreported and other health care professionals are either not prepared to perform or even unaware of the role they should play. (AU)

A importância da bioética na prática odontológica: considerações atuais da literatura / The importance of bioethics in the dental practice: current considerations from the literature

Objetivo: revisar a literatura sobre os meios pelos quais o cirurgião-dentista deve orientar sua conduta, tornando- se ciente daquilo que lhe é exigido em relação à sua profissão. Materiais e método: esta revisão de literatura foi conduzida pelos principais bancos de dados de saúde: PubMed, SciELO e Google Scholar. As palavras-chave para a busca textual foram: ética profissional (ethics, professional); educação em odontologia (education, dental); odontologia (dentistry). Os critérios de inclusão foram: literatura que aborde a temática em estudo, literatura dos últimos anos, idiomas inglês e português, estudos laboratoriais e clínicos e revisão sistemática. Os critérios de exclusão foram: revisão de literatura, carta ao editor, artigo de opinião, literatura duplicada em bases de dados e literatura que não abordasse as variáveis em estudo. Revisão de literatura: a bioética baseia-se em quatro princípios básicos que estabelecem uma metodologia para analisar os casos concretos e os problemas éticos que ocorrem na prática da assistência à saúde, sendo eles: não maleficência, beneficência, respeito à autonomia e justiça. Sendo esses princípios fundamentais para o desenvolvimento da bioética, com isso, abordando uma forma peculiar de definir e manejar os valores envolvidos nas relações dos profissionais de saúde e seus pacientes. Considerações finais: a bioética deve nortear os avanços dentro do respeito ao ser humano e à sua individualidade, sem que ocorram possíveis infrações. Todavia, são necessários maiores estudos para uma maior compreensão sobre o tema e as melhores medidas para cada caso em particular. (AU)

Objective: to review the literature on the means by which dentists should guide their behavior, becoming aware of the requirements concerning their profession. Materials and method: this literature review was performed by the main health databases of PubMed, Sci- ELO, and Google Scholar. The keywords for the text search were ethics, professional; education, dental; dentistry. The inclusion criteria were the literature addressing the subject studied, the recent literature, English and Portuguese languages, laboratory and clinical studies, and systematic reviews. The exclusion criteria were literature reviews, letters to the editor, opinion articles, the literature duplicated in databases, and the literature that did not address the variables studied. Literature review: bioethics is based on four basic principles that establish a methodology for analyzing the concrete cases and ethical problems occurring in the health care practice, as follows: non-maleficence, beneficence, respect for autonomy, and justice. These are fundamental principles for the development of bioethics, hence addressing a particular way of defining and managing the values involved in the relationships between health professionals and their patients. Final considerations: bioethics should guide the advances regarding human beings and their individuality, without the occurrence of potential infractions. However, further studies are required for a better understanding of the subject and for the best measures for each particular case. (AU)